\u0623\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/v:stroke><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:f><\/v:formulas><\/v:path><\/o:lock><\/v:shapetype><\/v:imagedata><\/w:wrap><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/v:shape>\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span>1687 .<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0645\u0648\u062a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0643\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0628\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0643<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/b>. <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>27<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>1708<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062c\u0627\u0621\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0641\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><\/b><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

" <\/font><\/span><\/b>\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0634\u0642<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0646\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0645<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062d\u0635\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/span><\/b>… <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0641\u0644\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u0645" <\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0641\u0647\u0648<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>4 <\/span><\/b>\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 1708<\/span><\/b> ^{<\/span><\/sup><\/b>\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0645<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0641\u064a\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0641\u064a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0645\u0639<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0643\u0644<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0622\u062a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/b>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/b> (<\/span><\/b>Ristelhuber <\/span><\/b>195<\/span><\/b>)<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/font>.<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n}

<\/font><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 <\/span>\u0623\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633<\/font><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/font><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 (1638-1715) :<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 (1643-1715) , \u0623\u0628\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 .<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 (1661) \u0641\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0647 . \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 . \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 . \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 . \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 . \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a . \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a .<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 (1710-1774) :<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1715 , \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 14" , \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 . \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 . \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f . \u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u063a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 . <\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/o:p><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(1)<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 . \u0623\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a 161-165 .<\/o:p><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 . <\/o:p><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0622 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 <\/span>www.khazen.org<\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cheikh-nawfal-el-khazen"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=105"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/105\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=105"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=105"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/khazen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}