by MEHMET FAHRI DANIŞ dailysabah.com — Music often becomes a uniting element for nations whose citizens have very little in common: Editf Piaf in France, Elvis Presley in the U.S. and Lys Assia in Sweden. In the case of Lebanon, Fairuz – or Nouhad Haddad by her birth name – holds a very special place as she is equally embraced by the country’s multicultural society. The existence of the phenomenon of the nation is closely related to the presence of symbolic motifs that claim to represent it. What makes a community a nation is mostly these symbolic productions that its members unwittingly confirm and participate in producing every day. National anthems and flags, heroes, “sacred” landscapes, national architecture, national cuisines and tourist brochures all contain the archaic emphasis of nationalist movements’ attempts to construct links with the past.

‘The national symbol’

National symbols allow members of communities to feel like part of the national consciousness. Efforts to maintain ties to this consciousness through popular culture are also made – for example, a company identified with a country and is universally known, national athletes competing in the Olympic games or artists representing their country in musical contests. Today, these can serve as more effective tools for emphasizing national consciousness than an antiquated anthem or national flag. When it comes to Lebanon, the cedar tree motif, a symbol of national character, is an excellent example of a nationalist symbol. Used on the first Lebanese flag designed during the mandate rule established in 1920 and in the flag of independent Lebanon in 1943, this figure serves a symbolic function that links the Lebanese with the Phoenicians on the basis of territorial identity. Another symbol for the country as important as the cedar tree is Fairuz, who began her artistic career during the 1950s.

Fairuz’s career

by al-monitor.com — Sarah Abdallah — BEIRUT — An economic and financial crisis looms over Lebanon, the third-highest indebted country in the world in terms of debt-to-gross domestic product ratio, which stood at 151% in 2018. “Given the large public debt … [Lebanon’s] interest payments now exceed 9% of GDP,” the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said in a July report. The IMF also said, “Deposit growth in 2018 was the lowest since 2005 and the BdL [Bank of Lebanon] reserves have now decreased by around $6 billion since early 2018.” The crisis comes with strict banking procedures. Lebanese banks imposed restrictions on deposits and capped withdrawals. They also suspended housing loans and froze transfers abroad. This led to a US dollar scarcity in the Lebanese market and increased its exchange price against the Lebanese pound. The dollar reached 2,400 Lebanese pounds at the money changers in late November, before settling between 1,980 Lebanese pounds and 2,000 Lebanese pounds in sales and purchases during the second week of December. The official rate, however, remained Dec. 20 at 1,507.5 Lebanese pounds on the Beirut Stock Exchange. Remarkably, the exchange rate in Syria also gyrated, hitting 1,000 Syrian pounds against the US dollar, while its value set by the Syrian Central Bank remained at 434 Syrian pounds.

This has led many to wonder about the connection between the two monetary crises. Some Lebanese fear that large amounts of dollars are being smuggled from Lebanon to Syria. But the dollar scarcity in Lebanon has led to the same condition in Syria. Many Syrians hold bank accounts in Lebanon, which at one time was a much more stable market. Now, though, these accounts are being frozen or restricted. US sanctions prohibit American financial institutions from doing business with Syrian banks. Meanwhile, more than 1 million Syrian refugees are registered with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in Lebanon. The Lebanese government estimates the actual number at 1.5 million Syrians. Add to this the Syrian merchants who deposit their money in Lebanese banks. A Norwegian Refugee Council report quoting World Bank data showed 17% of remittances to Syria come from Lebanon, second only to Saudi Arabia, with 29% of total financial remittances.

By Sarah El Sirgany and Lauren Said-Moorhouse — (CNN) — Saudi Arabia has sentenced five people to death for the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi but cleared a former top adviser to Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, a public prosecutor said Monday. There was no evidence against Saud al-Qahtani, Saudi Deputy Public Prosecutor Shaalan al-Shaalan announced in a televised press conference Monday. A court also dismissed charges against Ahmed al-Assiri, a former deputy intelligence chief, and Mohammed al-Otaibi, Saudi’s consul general in Istanbul when the murder took place, he said. Al-Qahtani and al-Otaibi were sanctioned a year ago by the US Treasury for their alleged involvement in the murder. Both al-Qahtani and al-Assiri were part of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s inner circle and were relieved of their duties in the immediate aftermath of Khashoggi’s killing in October 2018. “Saud al-Qahtani was questioned by the public prosecution and was not charged because there was no evidence against him,” al-Shaalan said.

Reading preliminary rulings for 11 people who have been investigated by Saudi Arabia, al-Shaalan said five others who took part in the murder had been sentenced to death. Another three people face a total of 24 years in prison for covering up the murder and violating regulations. He did not reveal any of their names. Khashoggi — a Washington Post columnist and royal insider-turned-critic — was last seen entering the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on October 2, 2018. He had expected to collect documents for his upcoming wedding but was instead killed and allegedly dismembered in the building. His remains are yet to be found.

Verdict slammed as ‘a mockery’

 The murder drew international condemnation and the CIA concluded that bin Salman personally ordered the killing. Riyadh’s version of events on October 2 have repeatedly shifted as new details have emerged but it has always maintained that neither bin Salman nor his father King Salman knew of the operation to target Khashoggi. US officials, however, have said such a mission — including 15 men sent from the Kingdom — could not have been carried out without the authorization of bin Salman. Khashoggi’s son Salah described the ruling as “fair” on Twitter Monday. “A fair judiciary is based on 2 principles: justice and quick proceedings. Today’s judiciary was fair to us, the sons of Jamal Khashoggi,” wrote Salah, Khashoggi’s eldest son who handles the family’s relations with the government. “We affirm our confidence in Saudi judiciary on all its levels as it ruled in our favor and achieved justice.” Earlier this year, Salah took to Twitter to deny that a settlement had been reached between his family and the Saudi government after a source told CNN that Khashoggi’s family have received millions of US dollars in cash and assets as compensation for the killing. But Hatice Cengiz, Khashoggi’s fiancée, said the Saudi announcement was “not acceptable.” In a post on Twitter on Monday, Cengiz wrote that she would never forget Khashoggi, nor his “murderers” or “those who are trying to cover up” his murder.

Beirut (AFP) Prominent street leaders Sunday shunned an invitation by Lebanon’s prime minister-designate to sit for talks over the formation of a new government, saying they are not ready to extend support. Debt-burdened Lebanon has been without a fully functioning government since former prime minister Saad Hariri resigned on October 29 in the face of nationwide protests. Demonstrators are demanding an overhaul of the political establishment which they deem corrupt and inept, insisting on a government of independents and experts with no ties to the country’s sectarian parties.

Hassan Diab, an engineering professor designated Thursday to form a desperately-needed government, had asked protesters to give him a “chance” to form a cabinet of independent experts within four to six weeks. But the self-styled technocrat’s call for consultations with representatives of the popular movement on Sunday failed to draw prominent street leaders or groups. A small crowd of protesters rallied outside Diab’s house and slammed visitors who claimed to represent the country’s leaderless movement. “You don’t represent us,” the protesters chanted.

The few who heeded Diab’s calls for talks included largely unknown individuals not recognised as representatives of the protest movement. “Not a single group actually active on the ground met today with the prime minister-designate because they are not convinced” he can form a government of technocrats, said Wassef Harakeh, a prominent activist. “They want us to get mired in this game of consultations,” he told AFP. In the protest camp in central Beirut, crowds began gathering in the afternoon. “The people that visited the prime minister-designate today do not represent the revolution,” said Ali Haidar, a resident of Beirut’s southern suburbs. “These talks were a failure,” he told AFP from the protest camp.

By AP — Beirut: After two months of political deadlock, Lebanon has finally designated a new prime minister to form a government. Now comes the hard part: saving Lebanon from an unprecedented financial crisis. Nominated with the support of Iran-backed Hezbollah and its allies, Prime Minister-designate Hassan Diab and the cabinet he has vowed to form quickly must win over investors and foreign donors. What are the main concerns for investors as Lebanon grapples with a hard currency shortage, a huge public debt and a weakening currency? HOW LIKELY IS A DEBT DEFAULT OR RESTRUCTURING? Lebanon’s public debt burden, equivalent to around 150 per cent of GDP, and its twin current account and fiscal deficits looked unsustainable even before anti-government protesters took to the streets two months ago. Lebanon will face a test of its ability to meet its obligations in 2020, with $10.9 billion of debt maturing across the year, including a $1.2 billion eurobond due in March, Refinitiv data shows.

The international sovereign bonds continue to trade at less than half their face value, while credit default swaps have rocketed, suggesting Lebanon may be drifting towards a default. But that might not be a given. “A combination of fiscal reforms and a restructuring of the domestic debt could be enough to put public finances on a sustainable footing without having to resort to an external default,” Farouk Soussa, senior economist at Goldman Sachs, said in a note this week.

And even if a default does occur, Lebanon might be able to cushion the fallout. Central bank holdings of government securities implied that Lebanon had near-term debt management options that would limit losses borne by the private sector in the event of a default, Moody’s Investors Service said in a note.

IS A CURRENCY DEVALUATION A GIVEN?

Lebanon’s 22-year-old peg to the US dollar has been strained to near breaking point by the country’s political and banking crisis. With the pound losing roughly a third of its official value on the black market, a devaluation has loomed increasingly large. Central Bank Governor Riad Salameh governor has ruled out any such move, saying the government has the means to maintain it. But without a revival in sagging capital flows and a recovery in Lebanon’s external balance sheet, the central bank’s ability to defend the peg will diminish. Foreign exchange reserves have already dwindled to $28 billion, according to Goldman Sachs. Economists say, at least in the short-term, a devaluation could be harmful as it would push up Lebanon’s already steep overseas liabilities – hastening the risk of a default. It would also likely stoke inflation, at 1.3 per cent year-on-year in October.

HOW CAN THE BANKING SYSTEM BE REVIVED?

by middleeasteye.net —Lebanon’s incoming prime minister began the process of preparing a new government as he seeks to calm protests that have rocked the country for months. Hassan Diab was appointed on Thursday by President Michel Aoun after several weeks of political negotiations in the face of an unprecedented popular movement since 17 October denouncing the entire ruling class, deemed corrupt and incompetent. The movement pushed prime minister Saad Hariri and his government to resign on 29 October and since then has been calling for the formation of a cabinet of technocrats and independents. Parliamentary consultations started with a meeting between Diab and the Head of Parliament, Nabih Berri, who insisted on the need to form a government representative of all parliamentary blocs and of the demonstrators. But some parties have already expressed their reluctance, even their refusal, to participate in the next cabinet.

‘Political’ government

On Saturday, the Druze leader Walid Joumblatt’s bloc announced the boycott of the consultations and announced that it would not participate in the government. For his part, Hariri has not publicly supported his successor, while the main Sunni parliamentary bloc he chairs “will not participate in the next government,” a source close to the source told AFP on Friday. The Lebanese Forces (FL), a Christian party whose ministers were the first to resign after the start of the protest movement, have repeatedly announced their refusal to join a “political” government.

On Friday, Diab, whose appointment was supported by the Shia Hezbollah movement and its allies, including the president’s party, promised to “form a government of independent technocrats,” echoing street demands. The little known academic former minister of education called on the demonstrators to “give him a chance” to form an “exceptional government” and promised to meet on Sunday “various representatives” of the protest movement. But the support given to its designation by Hezbollah and its allies has fuelled the anger of part of the street, in particular Sunnis, who see it as a marginalisation of their community in this multi-faith country. On Saturday, roads were blocked in the Akkar region and in Tripoli, in the north of the country, after a Friday that was marked by scuffles in Beirut.

Hale meets with Bassil, Geagea and Joumblatt

BEIRUT (AP)  BASSEM MROUE — Lebanon’s newly designated prime minister said Friday he plans to form a government of experts and independents to deal with the country’s crippling economic crisis. Hours after he spoke, riots by his opponents broke out in Beirut, leaving at least seven soldiers injured. Hassan Diab spoke to reporters following a meeting with former Prime Minister Saad Hariri, a day after he was asked by the president to form the country’s next government. Diab, who is backed by the militant Hezbollah group and its allies, begins his task with the backdrop of ongoing nationwide protests against Lebanon’s ruling elite. The country is grappling with its worst economic and financial crisis since the end of the 1975-90 civil war.

On Friday night, scuffles on a major avenue in Beirut intensified after Sunnis who apparently support Hariri closed it to protest Diab’s nomination. When the army worked on opening the road in Beirut’s western Mazraa neighborhood, the protesters hurled stones and fire crackers at troops and riot policemen, injuring at least seven soldiers, the Lebanese army said. The scuffles had begun Friday morning when protesters first closed the avenue in Mazraa where Hariri enjoys wide support. Hours after the avenue was reopened, protesters closed it again leading to the intense scuffles that lasted until shortly before midnight. Outgoing Interior Minister Raya El Hassan, a member of Hariri’s Future Movement, issued a statement urging protesters to leave the streets “to avoid dangers and strife.”

The protesters had earlier blocked the main highway linking Beirut with southern Lebanon with burning tires, causing a miles-long traffic jam. The army opened the road briefly in the town of Naameh before protesters closed it again with flaming tires. The road closures in Beirut and Naameh were carried out by protesters angered by what they said was Hezbollah and its allies deciding who takes the country’s top Sunni post. Hezbollah has backed Hariri for prime minister from the start, but they differed over the shape of the new government. “I ask (protesters) to give us a chance to form an exceptional government” that can work on resolving the country’s many problems, accumulated over the past 30 years, Diab said. It was not immediately clear if the riots that broke out in Beirut will affect Diab’s consultations with members of parliament scheduled for Saturday in preparation for the formation of the Cabinet.

by bbc.com — Lebanon’s Shia Hezbollah movement and its allies have nominated university professor and former education minister Hassan Diab to be prime minister. Mr Diab reportedly failed to secure the backing of the main Sunni-led bloc, which could make it difficult to form a new government and secure Western aid. He emerged as a candidate when outgoing PM Saad Hariri withdrew on Wednesday. Mr Hariri resigned in October following mass protests fuelled by anger over corruption and economic mismanagement. Negotiations on a replacement stalled over the make-up of the new government, with some parties backing the protesters’ demand for an independent cabinet of unaffiliated technocrats and others insisting that the cabinet includes politicians.

How was the prime minister chosen?

On Thursday, President Michel Aoun held formal consultations with members of parliament on who to name as prime minister – a post that must go to a Sunni Muslim under Lebanon’s complex confessional power-sharing system. Mr Aoun was required to designate the candidate with the most support. Mr Diab was nominated by the biggest Shia Muslim factions, Hezbollah and Amal, as well as Mr Aoun’s Maronite Christian Free Patriotic Movement (FPM). Together the groups control a majority of the seats in the 128-member parliament. The second-placed candidate was Nawwaf Salam, a former judge at the International Criminal Court at The Hague. Mr Hariri’s Sunni-led Future Movement did not nominate anyone and told the president that it would not participate in the next government, a source close to the prime minister told Reuters news agency. Mr Hariri had been expected to be nominated for a third term in office after the Sunni religious establishment threw its support behind his candidacy.

by AFP— Lebanon’s caretaker Prime Minister Saad Hariri said Wednesday he would not seek to stay on as prime minister, ahead of much-delayed consultations to give the protest-wracked country a new government. The announcement came after his forced resignation following the protests erupted on October 17. The protesters have demanded a government made up solely of experts not affiliated to the country’s traditional political parties. However, religious leaders said that they did not rule out considering his candidacy. Sunni Muslim establishment has also voiced support for the country’s leading Sunni politician. Hariri said his name was drawing too much opposition for him to be a candidate when official consultations to pick a new line-up begin on Thursday. “I have strived to meet their demand for a government of experts, which I saw as the only option to address the serious social and economic crisis our country faces,” Hariri said. “I announce I will not be a candidate to form the next government,” he said in a statement. Lebanon’s economy has been sliding towards default in recent weeks, but the main political parties have so far failed to respond to calls from the street and international partners by forming a credible cabinet capable of undertaking key reforms. The consultations for a new cabinet have been postponed twice already and it remains to be seen whether they will indeed take place on Thursday and whether Hariri’s chances of a third mandate as prime minister are really over.

Lebanon’s contested PM election

By Associated Press — BEIRUT – Supporters of Lebanon’s two main Shi’ite groups Hezbollah and Amal clashed with security forces and set fires to cars in the capital early Tuesday, apparently angered by a video circulating online that showed a man insulting Shi’ite figures. Police used tear gas and water cannons trying to disperse them. It was the third consecutive night of violence, and came hours after Lebanon’s president postponed talks on naming a new prime minister, further prolonging the turmoil and unrest in the Mediterranean country. President Michel Aoun postponed the binding consultations with leaders of parliamentary blocs after the only candidate — caretaker Prime Minister Saad Hariri — failed to win the backing of the country’s largest Christian groups amid a worsening economic and financial crisis.

The postponement followed a violent weekend in the small nation that saw the toughest crackdown on demonstrations in two months. Lebanese security forces repeatedly fired tear gas, rubber bullets and water cannons to disperse hundreds of protesters in downtown Beirut in the worst violence since demonstrations against the political elite erupted in mid-October. On Monday night, a group of young men clashed with security forces in downtown Beirut after a video began circulating online in which a man insulted Shi’ite political and religious figures, heightening sectarian tensions. The group, apparently supporters of Hezbollah and the Amal Movement led by Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri, set at least three cars on fire and hurled stones and firecrackers at riot police. Police responded with tear gas and water cannons.